_ Source: _Page Count 31 This paper analyzes the theories of three representatives of Second Scholasticism, namely Francisco Suárez, SJ, John Poinsot, OP, and Francisco de Oviedo, SJ, on the issue of the intuitive and abstractive cognition of the external senses. Based on a comparison of their theories, linked to the historical starting point of the debate in the first decades of the fourteenth century, the paper argues that the doctrinal and argumentative matrix of these authors’ texts (...) is significantly ‘present’ in the Second Scholastics as well. 1) As far as naturally produced sensation is concerned, all these authors, including Poinsot, follow the Scotistic justification of the natural infallibility of the external senses; 2) regarding the possibility of supernaturally caused objectless perception, Poinsot’s position can be labelled, surprisingly, Scotistic; 3) Suárez’s theory, although partly similar to the doctrine of the late Ockham, is an idiosyncratic stance; 4) Oviedo’s conception, even more distant from that of Ockham, can be characterized as ‘Auriolian’ and ‘Chattonian’. (shrink)

La maternidad subrogada constituye uno de los temas más controvertidos entre los muchos de esta índole que afectan al uso y disposición del cuerpo de la mujer. Razones de índole ética, sociológica y jurídica convergen para argumentar a favor y en contra de una práctica que, queramos o no, se halla cada vez más extendida. Al igual que sucede en otros temas relacionados con el cuerpo femenino, como el aborto o la prostitución, las diferentes posturas están cada vez más distanciadas (...) y los márgenes para alcanzar puntos de encuentro resultan demasiado estrechos. Estamos convencidas de que el primer deber académico es huir de una neutralidad simple que a todos contente; pronunciarse con argumentos es la tarea que nos corresponde y el que, a sabiendas del riesgo que corremos y de que nuestra postura tampoco puede ser definitiva, este trabajo pretende. (shrink)

El artículo pretende contribuir a la discusión actual en torno al «caso Heidegger». En concreto, se intentarán mostrar tres gestos políticos correspondientes a tres momentos distintos de la evolución de su pensamiento: el neokantismo, la fenomenología hermenéutica y la ontohistoria. Se planteará hasta qué punto son distintos estos gestos, qué tienen en común y, sobre todo, qué lugar político se le concede a la filosofía en ellos. This paper aims to contribute to the current discussion around the «case Heidegger». It (...) shows three political gestures corresponding to three different moments in the evolution of his thought: neo-kantianism, hermeneutic phenomenology and history of Being. We will consider if this gestures are actually different, what do they have in common, and, especially, which political place is granted to philosophy in them. (shrink)

RESUMEN: El artículo expone el programa filosófico de Heidegger en su cursoProblemas fundamentales de la fenomenología de 1919/20 y destaca su concepto de concreción. Por esa vía se explicita cuál es para Heidegger el asunto y la tarea de la filosofía. Finalmente, se lleva a cabo una crítica de sus pretensiones tanto de concreción como de formalidad, mostrando que ambas están lastradas por varios prejuicios. Para finalizar, se ponen de relieve, también de forma crítica, algunas consecuencias fenomenológicas y políticas de (...) esta particular idea de filosofía. ABSTRACT: In this paper I descibe Heidegger's philosophical program in his lecture course of 1919/20, Basic problems of Phenomenology, emphasizing his concept of concretion. I try to make explicit how Heidegger understood the subject and the task of philosophy in those years. Next, I critically review his claims about concretion and formality in his philosophy, showing that they are burdened by various prejudices. Finally, I underscore some phenomenological and political consequences of this idea of philosophy. (shrink)

Resumo No Manifesto surrealista, de 1924, Breton explicita o produto da atividade surrealista como uma “luz de imagem”, gerado pela aproximação involuntária de duas realidades distantes. Essa estrutura dupla da imagem surrealista tem um caráter disruptivo, que rompe com a nossa percepção da realidade cotidiana. Com isso, abre-se a possibilidade de um espaço para a crítica social e histórica, bem como para uma intervenção estético-política justamente em uma sociedade na qual as formas tradicionais de crítica parecem estar neutralizadas. Essa experiência (...) surrealista e esse espaço aberto por ela Walter Benjamin caracteriza respectivamente com a fórmula “iluminação profana” e “espaço de imagem”. Ambos apresentam uma grande semelhança com alguns pontos e consequências, em seus conceitos, tanto de “imagem do pensamento”, como de “imagem dialética”, sobretudo na medida em que esses conceitos também são formulados em meio à crise cultural da sociedade europeia, nos 1920, e buscam uma saída revolucionária para a mesma. Trata-se de investigar aqui, por meio de uma análise comparativa dessas concepções de imagem, até onde vai a influência e a relevância do surrealismo para o pensamento figurativo-dialético de Benjamin e para sua compreensão da história.In the Surrealistic manifest from 1924, Andre Breton explains the product of surrealistic action as a “light of image” resulting from an arbitrary approach of two distant realities. This double structure of surrealistic image has a disrupting character that breaks our common perception of reality. Thus can open a space for social and historical criticism as well as for an aesthetical-political intervention in a society where traditional forms of criticism seem to be neutralized. Walter Benjamin defines this surrealistic experience and its opened space respectively with the expressions “profane illumination” and “image space”. Both have similarities with Benjamin’s ideas of “thought image” and “dialectical image”, especially because they were elaborated amidst the cultural european crisis in the 1920ies looking to find a revolutionary way out of it. Through a comparative analysis of these notions of image, this paper proposes to investigate the influence and the relevance of surrealism for Benjamin’s dialectical-figural way of thinking and his comprehension of history. (shrink)

A vanguarda surrealista, em suas manifestações literárias e artísticas dos anos 1920, explorava as imagens de caráter disruptivo como uma forma de transformar a arte e a vida cotidiana. Influenciado pelos surrealistas, Walter Benjamin, em seu livro Rua de mão única, publicado em 1928, elaborou um diagnóstico crítico de seu presente histórico e apontou o caminho para uma possível transformação do mesmo, explorando uma forma filosófico-literária que denominou imagem de pensamento. Pressupondo a fundamental influência do surrealismo nesta e em toda (...) a obra posterior de Benjamin, o presente artigo, não obstante, tem como objetivo apresentar brevemente algumas diferenças importantes entre estas posturas, a saber: que as imagens de pensamento benjaminianas abordam de modo mais radical o vínculo das experiências disruptivas subjetivas com uma dimensão coletiva, histórica e social. A diferenciação destes dois casos de revalorização filosófica da imagem traz elementos importantes para se pensar o papel da imagem na educação e em que medida a própria imagem pode abrir espaço a uma crítica da sociedade do espetáculo e das mídias de massa em que vivemos. (shrink)

Razão e liberdade são tidas como os princípios fundadores da sociedade industrial e tecnológica do capitalismo avançado. Para garantir a validação de seu discurso, a tecnologia dispõe de sofisticadas formas de controle, que atuam na consolidação da unidimensionalidade como elemento garantidor da coesão social e da manutenção do status quo. Para isso, o “ordenamento tecnológico” recebe o apoio de uma “coordenação política e intelectual”, que garantem a eficiência processual e a eficácia teleológica das diversas formas de controle da civilização industrial (...) avançada. Este artigo tem como objetivo compreender e expor como para Marcuse, a sociedade do capitalismo afluente, com suas novas formas de controle, protagoniza a formação e consolidação da cultura da unidimensionalidade. Para tanto, a partir do método dialético do filósofo frankfurtiano, debateremos temas como, a contenção do pensamento crítico, condicionamento das necessidades humanas e a racionalidade tecnológica. No intercurso de nossa exposição mostraremos que por trás do discurso da liberdade, a nova sociedade industrial tecnológica, impõe suas formas específicas de controle sobre os indivíduos tendo como resultado a formação de um sistema social unidimensional, onde não há lugar para o pensamento crítico, tido como supérfluo. Pois, não só ameaça a atual compreensão de progresso tecnológico da sociedade unidimensional, como também é capaz de inverter a ordem do discurso estabelecido e desmontar toda e qualquer convivência social do atual status quo. (shrink)

Este artigo problematiza, sob o ponto de vista teórico da Análise do Discurso francesa, por que, em algumas regiões do Nordeste brasileiro, há quem evite pronunciar a palavra macaco e opte por usar em seu lugar outras palavras, tais como dezessete. A hipótese defendida é a de que essa prática cultural-discursiva, entendida aqui como uma forma de interdição, ocorre basicamente em regiões sertanejas onde a memória do cangaço é ainda marcadamente diluída no cotidiano. A partir da análise de discursos presentes (...) no dia a dia, este artigo pretende contribuir para uma compreensão mais acurada de uma particularidade sociocultural brasileira. (shrink)

En el presente artículo, me serviré del ejemplo de las Páginas Amarillas de los Hauts-de-Seine para tratar la problemática de la inacción2 que ciertos regímenes textuales e imaginarios imponen a la subjetividad contemporánea. El pensamiento crítico, por su parte, afronta el carácter disperso del saber actual encarnando su ilogismo constitutivo, ampliando sus operaciones a nuevas formas de discurso.

Despite the public availability of legal documents, there is a need for finding specific information contained in them, such as paragraphs, clauses, items and so on. With such support, users could find more specific information than only finding whole legal documents. Some research efforts have been made in this area, but there is still a lot to be done to have legal information available more easily to be found. Thus, due to the large number of published legal documents and the (...) high degree of connectivity, simple access to the document is not enough. It is necessary to recover the related legal framework for a specific need. In other words, the retrieval of the set of legal documents and their parts related to a specific subject is necessary. Therefore, in this work, we present a proposal of a RDF-based graph to represent and search parts of legal documents, as the output of a set of terms that represents the pursued legal information. Such a proposal is well-grounded on an ontological view, which makes possible to describe the general structure of a legal system and the structure of legal documents, providing this way the grounds for the implementation of the proposed RDF graph in terms of the meaning of their parts and relationships. We posed several queries to retrieve parts of legal documents related to sets of words and the results were significant. (shrink)

This article discusses the issue of Christianity in a pluralistic society on the basis of the book "If God Were a Human Rights Activist", by Boaventura de Sousa Santos. In this book the author confronts the challenges that the "movements that demand the presence of religion in the public sphere" place for human rights in the context of ”ecology of conceptions of human dignity." This article begins by presenting the problem of Christianity in a pluralistic society and indicating two fundamental (...) forms of dialogue and interaction between religious traditions and society as a whole. The text goes on to show, from the aforementioned book, how traditions and religious movements are a privileged place of affirmation and defense of human dignity and how theologies that sustain them constitute a 'defense grammar of human dignity. The article concludes by showing how the affirmation and defense of human dignity, understood and lived in the context of social struggles for justice, constitute the core of the Christian experience of God or, in any case, one of its fundamental features or marks. (shrink)

Se a técnica sempre foi um elemento fundamental na vida humana, ela se tornou no mundo moderno-contemporâneo o elemento determinante de nossa vida em todas as suas dimensões, isto é, tornou-se a esfera a partir da qual e em função da qual tudo, do macro ao micro, é pensado e regulado. É isso que o papa Bento XVI chama “horizonte cultural tecnocrático” e o papa Francisco chama “paradigma tecnocrático”. O texto faz uma reflexão filosófico-teológica do poder tecnológico no mundo (...) atual a partir de suas implicações e de seus desafios socioambientais. Começa com uma reflexão sobre a importância e o lugar da técnica na vida humana. Apresenta as características fundamentais da técnica moderna a partir de sua relação intrínseca com a ciência e com as forças dominantes da sociedade. Explicita suas implicações e seus desafios socioambientais. E conclui com algumas considerações de ordem teológico-pastorais, também a partir de suas implicações e de seus desafios socioambientais. (shrink)

Em 2019 o mundo se viu diante de um cenário desafiador, com a eclosão da pandemia do coronavírus e a implementação de políticas públicas voltadas para a reclusão da população. Diante disso, emergiu uma reorientação da prestação de serviços e das práticas de sociabilidades, inclusive, com forte impacto no âmbito religioso. Este artigo tem como escopo o uso da rede social Facebook no processo de informação e transmissão das celebrações em santuários católicos. Foram analisados os conteúdos de 92 santuários das (...) Filipinas, Polônia, Vaticano, Itália, França, Espanha, Portugal, Bósnia-Herzegovina, México, Venezuela, Argentina e Brasil. O mapeamento do amplo número de santuários virtuais resulta em usos variados das redes sociais nas transmissões de celebrações, com a construção de novas práticas romeiras e redefinição dos deslocamentos sagrados. (shrink)

O populismo contemporâneo tem suscitado profícuos debates entre os teóricos políticos, tais como Ernesto Laclau, com a sua teoria do discurso atrelada à psicanálise, defendendo a ideia de que o populismo representa a lógica da política; e Nadia Urbinati, que compreende o populismo como a desfiguração da democracia. O desdobramento deste embate de ideias levará à análise de uma figura importante para o populismo: o líder populista. Se para Laclau a noção de _significante vazio_ expressa o sujeito coletivo na figura (...) do líder, resultado da lógica da equivalência e da diferença entre as diversas demandas sociais, para Urbinati o líder populista utiliza o regime democrático para atingir fins antidemocráticos, aviltando a parte da população que dele diverge. Pretende-se neste artigo analisar ambas as concepções e, a partir do confronto destas perspectivas sobre o populismo, apresentar uma hipótese de base psicanalítica sobre o que conduz os indivíduos a apoiarem uma representação política autoritária. (shrink)

The objective of this text is to expose the conception of ethics in psychoanalysis. Freud’s work is characterized by elaborating an ethic of the subject, but of the subject understood not in a traditional sense, as a given and complete subject, but on the contrary, as a divided, unfinished and contingent subject. It is an ethic that privileges the principles of singularity, difference and subjective irreducibility in practical action, over any kind of subordination of this to group ideals, external prescriptive (...) duties or universal obligations. (shrink)

Este artigo analisa o desafio de se compatibilizar a promoção da inovação tecnológica com uma eficiente regulação das novas tecnologias, sob uma análise econômica do direito. Por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e revisão da literatura adequada, pretende-se justificar a necessidade de regulação das novas tecnologias para sanar as falhas de mercado. Essa ação regulatória deverá ser norteada pelo princípio da eficiência. A busca pela maximização da eficiência na regulação das novas tecnologias permitirá equilibrar os vários interesses envolvidos (sociais, econômicos, políticos, (...) estatais etc.) no processo inerente à inovação tecnológica de modo a se alcançar um ponto ótimo regulatório. (shrink)

The central theme of the present study is the importance of "Peace" in Norberto Bobbio's thematic trilogy, namely: Democracy, Human Rights, and Peace, as interconnected and necessary elements for historical and social progress. The objective is to explore the interaction between Democracy, Human Rights, and Peace, advocated by Bobbio, and its significance for the construction of a just and peaceful society. The relationship between Democracy, Human Rights, and Peace as essential components of a historical movement towards social progress will be (...) discussed; the doctrines justifying war will be analyzed, and their validity in the atomic age will be questioned; the necessary conditions to achieve Peace, including non-aggression pacts and the establishment of rules for the peaceful resolution of conflicts, will be highlighted; the lack of authority of the United Nations (UN) and the need for an "effective international power" to guarantee global peace will be examined. The study of Bobbio's thematic trilogy is relevant to understanding the importance of the interaction between Democracy, Human Rights, and Peace in the pursuit of a just and peaceful society. Moreover, the analysis of doctrines justifying war and the necessary conditions to achieve Peace contributes to a critical reflection on contemporary challenges related to global security and Human Rights. The study is based on the analysis of Norberto Bobbio's writings on Democracy, Human Rights, and Peace, examining his ideas and arguments throughout his extensive body of work. The research involves a theoretical and critical approach, interpreting Bobbio's major contributions on these topics. The results highlight the interdependence between Democracy, Human Rights, and Peace, emphasizing their relevance for social and historical progress. Furthermore, the research underscores the need to rethink doctrines justifying war in the atomic age and the importance of establishing an effective international authority to promote global peace. (shrink)

Resumo: O presente artigo traça um paralelo e faz uma aproximação entre a concepção de mito em Walter Benjamin e Herbert Marcuse. Busca-se mostrar como estes autores, em certo momento de suas obras, propõem uma superação do mito a partir do mesmo, ou seja, sem abdicar de um certo potencial emancipatório presente em sua dimensão imagética e em seu vínculo com a fantasia. Palavras-chave: Walter Benjamin; Herbert Marcuse; mito; emancipação; fantasia; imagem. Myth and Emancipation in Walter Benjamin and Herbert Marcuse (...) Abstract: The present paper draws a parallel and approximation between the conception of myth in Walter Benjamin and Herbert Marcuse. It seeks to show how these authors, at a certain point in their works, propose an overcoming of myth based on it, that is, without giving up a certain emancipatory potential present in its imagetic dimension and in its link with fantasy. Keywords: Walter Benjamin; Herbert Marcuse; Myth; Emancipation; Phantasy; Image. Mithos und Emanzipation bei Walter Benjamin und Herbert Marcuse Zusammenfassung: In diesem Beitrag wird eine Parallele und Annäherung zwischen dem Mythosbegriff bei Walter Benjamin und Herbert Marcuse gezogen. Es soll gezeigt werden, wie diese Autoren an einem bestimmten Punkt in ihren Werken eine Überwindung des Mythos von innen heraus vorschlagen, d.h. ohne ein gewisses emanzipatorisches Potenzial aufzugeben, das in seiner bildhaften Dimension und in seiner Verbindung mit der Phantasie vorhanden ist. Schlüsselwörter: Walter Benjamin; Herbert Marcuse; Mythos; Emanzipation; Phantasie; Bild Data de registro: 01/08/2023 Data de aceite: 18/10/2023. (shrink)

The late 60s of the twentieth century, in Sergipe, was marked by the outbreak of a series of conflicts over land tenure and lack of work. In a period in which social movements were seen as subversive demonstrations, the struggle of the peasants of the region Cotinguiba was treated as a police matter, through repression and arrest of leaders. This article seeks to analyze the process of negotiation between the peasants of Sergipe Cotinguiba and the political and agrarian elites in (...) the land reform process institution in the state under the mediation of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Aracaju. This negotiation resulted in the creation of the Promotion of Sergipe Field Man and the formation of community farms under the supervision of the Metropolitan Archbishop of Aracaju, Dom Luciano Duarte. With this, it becomes possible to understand the actions of the clergy in the negotiation between peasants and landowners. (shrink)

In Sartrean philosophy, the body is a central element in explaining the nature of intentionality, that is, the nature of how our consciousness apprehends reality. His corporeal phenomenology aims to refute the followers of the Cartesian tradition of the mind. At the same time, in the contemporary philosophy of mind and cognition, supporters of the enactivist tradition seek to elucidate the body's central role in the constitution of cognition. Likewise, their opponents are the adherents of cognitivism, who see the locus (...) of cognition in the brain as an informational processing device for symbolic (representational) content. In this article, we intend to develop a close relationship between the Sartrean conception of intentionality and that offered by sensorimotor enactivism. Both defend the centrality of the body in so-called "cognitive" or "mental" processes; both defend a kind of externalism about mental content; and both criticize the internalist and representationalist paradigm focused on internal processes only located in the brain. These similarities allow us to trace a relationship of continuity between Sartrean phenomenology and the embodied traditions of the mind. (shrink)

The long 19th century was a period of many developments and technical innovations in agriculture and animal biology, during which actors sought to incorporate new practices in light of new information. By the middle of the century, however, while heredity steadily became the dominant concept in animal husbandry, some policies related to livestock improvement in Brazil seemed to have been tailored following a climate-deterministic concept established in the mid-18th century by the French naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc, the Comte de Buffon. His (...) theory of animal degeneration posited, among other things, the necessity of recurrent crossbreeding to preserve animal species living in nonnative environments from climate-induced degeneration. Although largely discredited by the early 19th century, the teachings of the French naturalist seem to have found supporters in a Brazilian program to modernize national agriculture through the application of the natural sciences. Herein I examine the revival of Buffon’s theories in that government-sponsored program to improve animal husbandry and breeding techniques, including actual applications of this theory in the real world. Ultimately, I argue that Buffon’s theory of degeneration was used to tailor public policies and funding for the improvement of domesticated animals in Brazil between 1856 and 1860. (shrink)

O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar a influência do pensamento de Jean Piaget na proposta das Concepções Abertas no ensino da Educação Física. A epistemologia do autor constituiu uma das referências para a proposta em questão, o que torna necessário o estudo dos pressupostos gnosiológicos e ontológicos da teoria piagetiana para a melhor compreensão das implicações político-pedagógicas do ensino aberto. É possível identificar problemas e limitações das Concepções Abertas, que, por herdar as visões de homem e sociedade defendidas (...) por Piaget, encontra-se presa aos parâmetros do ensino centrado no aluno. (shrink)

This study reflects on the ways in which children, during pandemic times, expressed themselves and came into contact with their teachers and classmates through Image-Letters, ways of saying and saying themselves to the world through audiovisual media. Sensible sharing of their daily lives were revealed by these media and made us think about the diverse childhood of this time. The theoretical framework that supported this work had the contribution of De Certeau regarding studies on everyday life, Walter Benjamin with his (...) writings on childhood experience, Sandra Corazza and Walter Kohan with their contributions to studies on contemporary childhoods and Virgínia Kastrup who supported us on to the cartography method, a methodological approach that allowed us to follow the research process. The objective of this work was to observe the ways in which children communicate through verbal-visual media and what type of content and everyday fragments they choose to share their experiences during the pandemic period.with the school institution. It is important to highlight that the dissemination of the images was authorized by the children and their guardians through a free and informed consent term, in compliance with the ethical principles of research with images of children. Furthermore, the images are available through QRcode and can be accessed through a smartphone camera. (shrink)

Although the knowledge about biological systems has advanced exponentially in recent decades, it is surprising to realize that the very definition of Life keeps presenting theoretical challenges. Even if several lines of reasoning seek to identify the essence of life phenomenon, most of these thoughts contain fundamental problem in their basic conceptual structure. Most concepts fail to identify either necessary or sufficient features to define life. Here, we analyzed the main conceptual frameworks regarding theoretical aspects that have been supporting the (...) most accepted concepts of life, such as (i) the physical, (ii) the cellular and (iii) the molecular approaches. Based on an ontological analysis, we propose that Life should not be positioned under the ontological category of Matter. Yet, life should be better understood under the top-level ontology of “Process”. Exercising an epistemological approach, we propose that the essential characteristic that pervades each and every living being is the presence of organic codes. Therefore, we explore theories in biosemiotics and code biology in order to propose a clear concept of life as a macrocode composed by multiple inter-related coding layers. This way, as life is a sort of metaphysical process of encoding, the living beings became the molecular materialization of that process. From the proposed concept, we show that the evolutionary process is a fundamental characteristic for life’s maintenance but it is not necessary to define life, as many organisms are clearly alive but they do not participate in the evolutionary process (such as infertile hybrids). The current proposition opens a fertile field of debate in astrobiology, epistemology, biosemiotics, code biology and robotics. (shrink)

This article has as its theme the relationship between "power", "reason" and "religion" in O alienista, one of the central texts of Machado de Assis, written in 1881 and initially published in eleven chapters, between October 1881 and March 1882. It is intended to identify and analyze the power relations between the State ("Throne") and the Catholic Church ("Altar"); as well as to highlight the relations between "reason" (science) and its "absence" (madness); without neglecting the Machadian denunciations and criticisms of (...) scientism prevailing in the nineteenth century. To do so, at first, it is presented, even if summarily, the Author and the Tale; in a second moment, shedding lights on its "space", "time" and "action" its plot, necessary assumption for the last moment, where the "Power", "Reason" and "Religion" will be analyzed. This research is justified by the relevance of the author, the place that the alienist occupies in the set of his works, as well as the social relevance of his ironic criticisms. In this analysis, a bibliographic method of critical-analytical reading of the Tale was used, using also the interpretations of some scholars, listed in the References. (shrink)

The Sanctuary of Lima is the oldest pilgrimage center of Rio Grande do Norte. Built on January 29, 1758, the little hermitage dedicated to Our Lady of the Impossibles, on the top of the Lima Mountain, in Patu, became an important point of convergence for pilgrims. From 1921 onwards, the sanctuary was handed over to the Holy Family Missionaries from the Netherlands who took responsibility for the restructuring of the sanctuary and for the guidance of devotional practices. The purpose of (...) this article is to understand the actions of devotional reform and the uses of the Sanctuary of Lima as a tourist attraction. From the records published in Catholic and lay newspapers, the analysis of the construction of representations about the religious space in the scope of the Diocese of Mossoró and the state public power was carried out. With this, one can perceive the confluence between the orientations of the devotional practices of the popular layers and the construction of an imagery discourse as attractive for tourists and pilgrims. (shrink)

Durante la larga vida del escritor y pensador Miguel de Unamuno, hubo dos labores que nunca dejó delado: su trabajo como educador y su vida de escritor. Ambas partes fundamentales de su pensamiento ya que las entiende como centrales para comprender el misterio de la particularidad existencial del hombre de carne y hueso. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo el análisis a profundidad de dos temas principales: la labor de la educación y el trabajo de escritura en el pensamiento del (...) pensador vasco. Para este análisis se investigó a profundidad la obra escritural del vasco universal, tomando en cuenta que el grueso de sus ideas entorno a la educación y a la escritura se encuentran contenidas tanto en su obra poética como en su correspondencia. Así mismo, se utilizaron trabajos periféricos de autores especialistas en Unamuno y su pensamiento para complementar las ideas. Mediante la investigación, fue posible mapear las ideas del pensador vasco para llegar a una de las ideas centrales de su pensamiento: Tanto el educador como el escritor tan solo pueden ensañar lo que ellos mismos son, es por ello por lo que su labor no es otra que la de poetizar la vida, abriéndose paso a través del lenguaje, narrándose a uno mismo y ayudando a otros a encontrar su voz. (shrink)

Ideas, knowledge, people, and animals were in rapid transit in the nineteenth century, occasionally at the same time. This essay analyzes the unsuccessful government-sponsored experiment to introduce and naturalize dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius) in the northeastern Brazilian province of Ceará between 1857 and 1867. While the scheme is not unknown, it has not yet received a dedicated and thorough examination. Using the lenses of the global exchange of knowledge, transnational scientific enterprises, the history of camelids, and the worldwide phenomenon of acclimatization, (...) the essay seeks to argue that the naturalization plan was tailored following the principles of animal acclimatization while aimed at wider efforts by the Brazilian government to modernize national agriculture. In practice, it meant employment of the dromedaries as livestock and pack animals, moves that sought to address logistics problems in the region. Finally, by reviewing primary sources and scholarship, the essay provides a comprehensive narrative of the events relating to the scheme. (shrink)